Sample report. Click on the highlighted text to see the comments. Computer systems computer systems. Assignment 1 - Topic: scanners Date: Student name: Student number: Tutor name: Tutorial time: Abstract. Abstracti. 1. 0. Introduction. How scanners work. Types of scanners. Drum scanners. 23. Flatbed scanners. Sheet- fed scanners. Slide scanners. 33. Hand held scanners. Scanner specifications. Resolution. 34. 2. Recommended Report Writing Template. The report should be prepared in serif typefaces. Describe and/or integrate visuals display results of the data collected. Examples of data display tools are flow charts, bar. In business, the information. Technical information which would clutter the body of the report is placed in the appendix. The structure of a report and the purpose and contents of each section is shown below. How to write a business report? A Guide to Business Report Writing. Harlow Please see the following pages for examples of report writing. Bit- depth. 44. 3. Dynamic range. 44. Software. 45. 0. Future developments. Conclusion. 57. 0. General Business Writing. Guide To Report Writing (323KB PDF). Excellent report writing guide. Writing a Business-Style Report What is a business-style report? Business writing should be brief and to the point. The business-style report is always dated. Businesses change rapidly; facts and solutions change daily. BUSINESS REPORT WRITING Business Statistics Ref: http:// Introduction. Reference list. 5Appendicies. Appendix 1 Image Sensor Scanner. Appendix 2 Frequently Used References. Appendix 2. 1 Scanner Tips. Appendix 2. 2 Scanners, Digital Cameras and Photo CDs. Appendix 2. 3 The PC Technology Guide. The purpose of this report is to survey the current state of scanner technology and to briefly discuss predicted advancements in the field. By examining a range of recently published journal articles, magazine articles and internet sites on the topic of scanners this report describes the main types of scanners in common use today and examines their performance in relation to four criteria: resolution, bit- depth, dynamic range and software. The report then considers the effect of further technological advances in these four areas, as well as the deployment of new sensor technology on the future development of scanners.
The first scanner, initially referred to as a 'reading machine', was developed in 1. Jacob Rabinow, a Russian born engineer. The device could scan printed material and then compare each character to a set of standards in a matrix using, for the first time, the . This reading machine was to form the basis for the development of current scanning, sorting and processing machines. An early improvement on the reading machine was the drum scanner. Drum scanners are still used in industry today because of the high quality images they produce. These images are converted to digitised computer files that can be stored on a hard- drive or floppy disk. With the aid of specific software, these images can then be manipulated and enhanced by the user. It is now possible to deploy electronic acquisition to create an entire layout (including all graphic elements) from the same computer. This means is no longer required (Scanners, digital cameras and photo CDs 2. Scanners are considered an invaluable tool for adding graphics and text to documents and have been readily adopted by both business and domestic users. How scanners work that uses a light source to electronically convert an image into binary data (0s and 1s). This binary data can then be used to store the scanned image on a computer. A scanner recreates an image by using small electronic components referred to as the scanner's 'eyes' (Scanner tips 2. The type of 'eyes' used in today's scanners are charge- coupled devices (CCD) and photomultiplier tubes (PMT). These electronic eyes measure the amount of light reflected from individual points on the page and translate it to digital signals that correspond to the brightness of each point (Englander 2. To create a file on the computer that represents a colour image, the scanner divides the image into a grid with many individual points called pixels or picture elements (Scanner tips 2. A scanning head, termed a row of 'eyes', reads over the grid and assigns a number to each pixel based on the main colour in that pixel, using green, blue and red. For example an aqua pixel would be saved as a number to represent the proportion of blue, green and red which represents the colour aqua (Scanners, digital cameras and photo CDs 2. Types of scanners. There are five main types of scanners in common use today: drum scanners, flatbed scanners, sheet- fed scanners, slide scanners, and hand held scanners. Drum scanners. Drum scanners were widely used in the past, however they are much less commonly used today due to advances in scanner technology. As a result of their expense, these machines are primarily used by professionals in industry, where they are considered important due to the high- end quality image they produce and because they use PMT technology which is more sophisticated than charge- coupled devices (CCDs) and contact image sensor's (CISs). Drum scanners are difficult to operate and technicians operate these scanners by placing the item to be scanned on a glass cylinder rotating at high speeds around the sensor (Sullivan 1. Flatbed scanners. The most popular scanners for general use are flatbed scanners. This type of scanner is highly versatile because it is able to scan flat objects as well as small three dimensional objects. Flat- bed scanners operate by placing the item to be scanned on a glass window while scanning heads move underneath it. A transparency adapter is used to scan transparent originals such as slides or x- rays, and an automatic document feeder is available for scanning large numbers of documents . Sheet- fed scanners. Sheet- fed scanners have grown in popularity in recent years, particularly for small office or domestic use as they are reasonably priced, can scan full- sized documents and are compact, requiring limited desk space (Scanner tips 2. Most models of sheet- fed scanners have an inbuilt document feeder to overcome the problem of manually feeding one sheet of paper at a time. However the actual process or scanning with a sheet- fed scanner may result in distortion as the image to be scanned moves over the scanning heads (Scanner tips 2. A further limitation of sheet- fed scanners is that they are unable to scan three dimensional objects. Slide scanners. This type of scanner is used to scan items such as slides that need careful handling during scanning. Unlike other scanners, the scanning heads in slide scanners do not reflect light from the image, but rather pass light through it. This enables these scanners to produce superior results without distortions caused by reflective light. To be able to scan small and detailed items, these scanners have a large number of eyes on the scanning head which produces a high quality result. Slide scanners tend to be more expensive and less versatile than flatbed and sheet- fed scanners as they are limited to only scanning slides and film. These scanners, however, are well suited to users requiring high quality scans of large numbers of slides (Scanner tips 2. Hand held scanners. Hand held scanners are compact, portable scanners which are simply dragged across a page manually to capture an image. These scanners are easy to use and economical to purchase; however, their use is limited to text of up to four inches in diameter that does not require a high resolution. For this reason, hand held scanners are unsuitable for colour images. A further disadvantage of hand held scanners is that the user must have a steady hand when scanning or the resulting image will be distorted (Scanner tips 2. Scanner specifications. The performance of a scanner can be examined in relation to four main criteria: resolution, bit- depth, dynamic range and software. Resolution. Optical resolution, or hardware resolution, is a measure of how many pixels a scanner can actually read. A current model desktop scanner typically has a resolution of 3. This means that this scanner has a scanning head with 3. When scanning slides and negatives the minimum optical resolution is 1. Bit depth. Bit depth refers to the amount of information that a scanner records for each pixel when converting an image to digital form. Scanners differ in the amount of data they record for each pixel within an image. The simplest kinds of scanners only record data related to black and white details and have a bit depth of 1 (Anderson 1. The minimum bit depth required for scanning photographs and documents is 2. Thus for a scanner to produce a high quality scan with colour, a higher bit depth is required. In general, current scanners have a bit depth of 2. Anderson 1. 99. 9). This high resolution allows scanners to produce images close to photographic quality. Dynamic range. 4. Software. 5. Future developments. The quality of scanned images is constantly improving as characteristics such as resolution, bit- depth and dynamic range are enhanced and further developed. This device allows the user to take pictures of three- dimensional objects much like a regular camera, except that instead of using film, the objects are scanned by the camera in a similar process to the functioning of a flatbed scanner. Developers have already been able to produce a CIS scanner which is thinner, lighter, more energy efficient and cheaper to manufacture than a traditional CCD base device. However, the quality of the scan is not as good as its counterparts. Further development of CIS technology is needed to improve image quality and colour, and to address the problem of a limited 3. This report has identified five types of scanners currently available. Some are primarily used for professional purposes such as the drum scanner; others are used more broadly in the workplace and home such as flatbed scanners and to a lesser extent sheetfed scanners. Scanners for specialized purposes have also been identified such as slide and handheld scanners. The performance of these scanners is dependent upon their resolution, bit- depth, dynamic range and software. Scanners have improved significantly in recent years in terms of weight, size, price and speed, and the replacement of CCD technology with CIS technology is anticipated to produce further benefits to these areas as well as to scan quality. The impact of these improvements is expected to increase the accessibility of scanner technology to a wider range of users and its suitability for a wider range of purposes. In relation to this, the future of scanner technology seems to point to the convergence of different technologies. Specialized scanners are currently being incorporated into other types of technologies such as digital cameras, printers, and photocopiers.
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